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Recusal

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Recusal is the legal process by which a <a href="Judge" title="Judge">judge</a>, <a href="Jury" title="Jury">juror</a>, or other <a href="Adjudicator" title="Adjudicator">adjudicator</a> steps aside from participating in a case due to potential <a href="Bias" title="Bias">bias</a>, <a href="Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflict of interest</a>, or <a href="Appearance_of_impropriety" title="Appearance of impropriety">appearance of impropriety</a>. This practice is fundamental to ensuring fairness and impartiality in legal proceedings, preserving the integrity of the <a href="Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>, and maintaining public confidence in the legal system. Historical and modern legal frameworks outline specific grounds for recusal, such as personal or financial conflicts of interest, prior involvement in a case, or demonstrated bias. Applicable statutes or canons of <a href="Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> may provide standards for recusal in a given proceeding or matter. Providing that the judge or decision-maker must be free from disabling conflicts of interest makes the fairness of the proceedings less likely to be questioned, and more likely that there is <a href="Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>

Recusal laws and guidelines are established in various legal systems worldwide, including the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, where they are regarded as cornerstones of judicial impartiality.<a href="#cite_note-:02-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> The concept of recusal dates back to ancient legal systems and has evolved to address contemporary ethical standards and legal complexities.<a href="#cite_note-:2-4">[4]</a>

Some recusal systems have been critiqued as not being robust or sufficiently transparent, prompting calls for reform. Proposed changes include mandatory disclosure of campaign expenditures by litigants and stricter recusal standards for those benefiting from interested parties.<a href="#cite_note-:6-5">[5]</a> Letting an individual determine whether or not they have a conflict of interest, can in and of itself be considered a conflict-of-interest.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Recusal" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Recusal">Recusal</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

</div>The term "recuse" originates from the Latin word "recusare", meaning "to demur", or "object" reflecting the fundamental principle of rejecting participation when impartiality is in doubt.<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> The word "recuse" traces its origins to the Anglo-French term "recuser", meaning "to refuse", which itself comes from the Middle French and Latin "recusare". The Latin roots break down into "re-" meaning "back" and "causari", meaning "to give a reason", which derives from "causa", meaning "cause" or "reason".<a href="#cite_note-:32-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-8">[8]</a>

Judicial disqualification is sometimes used interchangeably with recusal, but has also been seen as distinct from recusal in certain jurisdictions where a disqualification can lead to a case being thrown out after the fact if a judge had a conflict of interest in a case where they did not recuse themselves.<a href="#cite_note-:5-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

Judicial disqualification laws existed in <a href="Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> and early Jewish law, which disqualified judges from serving on cases of family, friends or enemies.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>

<a href="Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law</a> countries still have significant disqualification privileges, whereas <a href="Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> countries, such as <a href="England" title="England">England</a>, went in a different direction where recusal was required less often.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> This included the United States, which inherited a system where only judges with a direct financial interest in a case had to recuse themselves.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential_grounds_for_recusal">Potential grounds for recusal</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_of_interest">Conflict of interest</h3></div>

A conflict of interest occurs when an individual's duties and responsibilities are in opposition to their personal or financial interests. For example, <a href="United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">US Department of Interior</a> employees should recuse themselves if their decisions could have a direct and predictable effect on their financial interests or those of their family members or close associates.<a href="#cite_note-:11-10">[10]</a> However, even in cases where the conflict does not mandate recusal under the Code of Ethics, public officials might still choose to recuse themselves voluntarily to avoid any appearance of bias or impropriety.<a href="#cite_note-:103-11">[11]</a> This also applies to cases when <a href="Federal_judge" title="Federal judge">Federal Judges</a> have close personal or professional relationships with attorneys or other parties involved in the case.<a href="#cite_note-:12-12">[12]</a>

The presence of financial interests that could be affected by the outcome of a case is another critical reason for recusal. For U.S. federal judges, this includes any ownership of legal or equitable interests, no matter how small, or relationships such as director or adviser in the affairs of a party.<a href="#cite_note-:7-13">[13]</a> The <a href="Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process clauses</a> of the <a href="Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">United States Constitution</a>, for example, explicitly require judges to recuse themselves from cases where they have a financial interest in the outcome.<a href="#cite_note-:13-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bias_or_prejudice">Bias or prejudice</h3></div>

Personal bias or prejudice concerning a party or the lawyer of that party is a significant ground for recusal in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:14-15">[15]</a> The Due Process clauses of the United States Constitution explicitly require judges to recuse themselves from cases where there is a strong possibility the decision would be biased.<a href="#cite_note-:132-16">[16]</a> In <a href="North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, however, mere allegations of bias or prejudice are inadequate; there must be substantive evidence to compel recusal.<a href="#cite_note-:8-17">[17]</a> Some Judges and officials are advised to recuse themselves from cases where they have engaged in policy advocacy or public comments that could affect their impartiality.<a href="#cite_note-:03-18">[18]</a> In <a href="Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, public officials who recuse themselves from certain matters may still engage in public comment under specific conditions, such as the "Public Forum Exception".<a href="#cite_note-:10-19">[19]</a> However, this exception is limited and does not allow officials to represent others or act as expert witnesses in forums restricted to the general public.<a href="#cite_note-:10-19">[19]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recusal_in_the_United_States">Recusal in the United States</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption in the United States</a></div>

In the United States, the term "recusal" is used most often with respect to court proceedings. Two sections of <a href="Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">Title 28 of the United States Code</a> (the Judicial Code) provide standards for judicial disqualification or recusal. Section 455, captioned "Disqualification of justice, judge, or <a href="United_States_magistrate_judge" title="United States magistrate judge">magistrate judge</a>", provides that a federal judge "shall disqualify himself in any proceeding in which his <a href="Impartiality" title="Impartiality">impartiality</a> might reasonably be questioned". The section also provides that a judge is disqualified "where he has a personal bias or prejudice concerning a party, or personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts concerning the proceeding"; when the judge has previously served as a lawyer or witness concerning the same case or has expressed an opinions concerning its outcome; or when the judge or a member of his or her immediate family has a financial interest in the outcome of the proceeding.

28 U.S.C. Section 144, captioned "Bias or prejudice of judge", provides that under circumstances, when a party to a case in a <a href="United_States_District_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States District Court">United States District Court</a> files a "timely and sufficient <a href="Motion_(legal)" title="Motion (legal)">motion</a> that the judge before whom the matter is pending has a personal bias or prejudice either against him or in favor of an adverse party", the case shall be transferred to another judge.

The general rule is that, to warrant recusal, a judge's expression of an opinion about the merits of a case, or his familiarity with the facts or the parties, must have originated in a source outside the case itself. This is referred to in the United States as the "extra-judicial source rule" and was recognized as a general presumption, although not an invariable one, in the 1994 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Liteky v. United States.

At times justices or judges will recuse themselves <a href="Sua_sponte" title="Sua sponte">sua sponte</a> (on their own motion), recognizing that facts leading to their disqualification are present. However, where such facts exist, a party to the case may suggest recusal. Controversially, each judge generally decides whether or not to recuse themself.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> However, where lower courts are concerned, an erroneous refusal to recuse in a clear case can be reviewed on <a href="Appeal" title="Appeal">appeal</a> or, under extreme circumstances, by a petition for a <a href="Writ_of_prohibition" title="Writ of prohibition">writ of prohibition</a>.

In certain special situations, circumstances that would otherwise call for recusal of a judge or group of judges may be disregarded, when otherwise no judge would be available to hear the case. For example, if a case concerns a salary increase payable to a judge, that judge would ordinarily be disqualified from hearing the case. However, if the pay increase is applicable to all of the judges in the court system, the judge will keep the case, because the grounds for recusal would be equally applicable to any other judge. The principle that a judge will not be disqualified when the effect would be that no judge could hear the case is sometimes referred to as the "rule of necessity".<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supreme_Court_cases">Supreme Court cases</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States#_Ethics" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States §  Ethics</a></div>

In the <a href="Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>, the Justices have historically recused themselves from participating in cases in which they have financial interests. For example, Justice <a href="Sandra_Day_O'Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a> generally did not participate in cases involving telecommunications firms because she owned stock in these firms, and Justice <a href="Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> has disqualified himself in some cases involving insurance companies because of his participation in a <a href="Lloyd's_of_London" title="Lloyd's of London">Lloyd's of London</a> syndicate. Justices also have declined to participate in cases in which close relatives, such as their children, are lawyers for one of the parties. Even if the family member is connected to one of the parties but is not directly involved in the case, justices may recuse themselves – for instance <a href="Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> recused himself in <a href="United_States_v._Virginia" title="United States v. Virginia">United States v. Virginia</a> because his son was attending <a href="Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute">Virginia Military Institute</a>, whose policies were the subject of the case. On occasion, recusal occurs under more unusual circumstances; for example, in two cases, Chief Justice <a href="William_H._Rehnquist" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Rehnquist">William H. Rehnquist</a> stepped down from the bench when cases were argued by Arizona attorney James Brosnahan, who had testified against Rehnquist at his confirmation hearing in 1986. Whatever the reason for recusal, the <a href="United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">United States Reports</a> will record that the named justice "took no part in the consideration or decision of this case".

A notable case was the 2001 death penalty appeal by <a href="Napoleon_Beazley" title="Napoleon Beazley">Napoleon Beazley</a>, convicted of a 1994 murder, in which a full three justices recused themselves due to personal ties to the victim's son, federal appeals court judge <a href="J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">J. Michael Luttig</a>. Luttig had previously clerked for Justice <a href="Scalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalia">Scalia</a>, and had led the confirmation efforts on behalf of both <a href="David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a> and Clarence Thomas. The death sentence was upheld all the same.

Historically, standards for recusal in the Supreme Court and lower courts were less rigorous than they have become in more recent years. In the 1803 case of <a href="Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a>, Chief Justice <a href="John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> participated in the decision and authored the opinion of the Court even though Marshall's actions as <a href="United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> two years prior could be seen as the subject of the proceeding. On the other hand, Marshall did recuse himself in both the 1813 and 1816 hearings of <a href="Martin_v._Hunter's_Lessee" title="Martin v. Hunter's Lessee">Martin v. Hunter's Lessee</a>, despite its equally significant constitutional implications, as he and his brother had contracted with Martin to buy the land in dispute. Moreover, during the 19th century, the U.S. federal court system was structured so that an appeal from a judge's decision was often heard by an appellate panel containing the same judge, who was expected to sit in impartial review of his own earlier ruling. This situation is no longer permissible, and 28 U.S.C. § 47 provides that "No judge shall hear or determine an appeal from the decision of a case or issue tried by him."

A notable dispute over recusal in U.S. Supreme Court history took place in 1946, when Justice <a href="Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Hugo Black</a> participated in deciding the <a href="Jewell_Ridge_Coal_Corp._v._Mine_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewell Ridge Coal Corp. v. Mine Workers">Jewell Ridge Coal</a> case, although a former law partner of Black argued for the prevailing side. The losing party in the 5–4 decision sought reargument on the ground that Black should have been disqualified; Black declined to recuse himself and the decision stood, but Justice <a href="Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Robert H. Jackson</a> wrote a short opinion suggesting that the decision that Black should sit in the case was Black's alone and the Court did not endorse it. The dispute aggravated infighting between Black and Jackson, and it has been suggested that this was one of the reasons that, when Chief Justice <a href="Harlan_Fiske_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlan Fiske Stone">Harlan Fiske Stone</a> died, President <a href="Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> appointed <a href="Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> to succeed Stone rather than promote a sitting Associate Justice to Chief Justice.

In 1973, then-Associate Justice Rehnquist wrote a lengthy <a href="In-chambers_opinion" title="In-chambers opinion">in-chambers opinion</a> declining to recuse himself in <a href="Laird_v._Tatum" title="Laird v. Tatum">Laird v. Tatum</a>, a case challenging the validity of certain arrests, even though Rehnquist had previously served as a <a href="White_House" title="White House">White House</a> lawyer and opined that the arrest program was valid.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In 2004, Justice <a href="Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> wrote an opinion declining to recuse himself in a case to which <a href="Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a> <a href="Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> was a party in his official capacity, despite the contention of several <a href="Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmental</a> groups that Scalia's participation created an appearance of impropriety because Scalia had recently participated in a widely publicized <a href="Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> trip with the Vice President.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The same year, however, Scalia recused himself without explanation in <a href="Elk_Grove_Unified_School_District_v._Newdow" title="Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow">Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow</a>, a <a href="First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> case challenging inclusion of the words "under God" in the <a href="Pledge_of_Allegiance_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pledge of Allegiance (United States)">Pledge of Allegiance</a>, after giving a public speech in which Scalia stated his view that Newdow's claims were meritless.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>

In 2009, the Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that 'excessive' campaign contributions to a justice that was elected required a justice to recuse himself, citing the <a href="Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a> of the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>

In 2024, Justices <a href="Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a> and <a href="Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a> have refused calls to recuse themselves from <a href="January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6th</a> cases where their spouses have taken public stances or been involved in efforts to overturn the election.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20240529-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_cases">Federal cases</h3></div>

On Sep 28th 2021, the Wall Street Journal's investigative team found that 131 judges did not recuse themselves in cases where they had a financial interest through ownership of stocks in the relevant parties. Two-thirds of such cases ended with a verdict favorable to the party in which the judge owned stock. Explanations given for the lack of recusal included: unknown ownership via brokers investing on behalf of the judge, being unaware of the laws regarding disclosure and recusal, spelling errors and ownership of subsidiaries (e.g. Exxon Corp. vs Exxon Oil, which is a subsidiary), ownership of stocks held not by the judge but by close family members (spouses, children, etc.), and insistence that stock ownership did not influence their decisions (especially if the outcome did not change stock price). All of these explanations have still been considered a violation of federal law by some experts.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>

A significant dispute over recusal occurred in 1946 when Justice Hugo Black participated in the <a href="Jewell_Ridge_Coal_Corp._v._United_Mine_Workers_of_America" title="Jewell Ridge Coal Corp. v. United Mine Workers of America">Jewell Ridge Coal case</a> despite a conflict involving his former law partner. This case highlighted the ongoing challenges in maintaining impartiality and the evolving nature of recusal practices. Throughout much of its history, the U.S. Supreme Court relied on the justices' discretion and common-law principles to decide recusal matters.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 1974, federal judge <a href="Leon_Higginbotham" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Higginbotham">Leon Higginbotham</a> issued his decision in Comm. of Pa. v. Local 542, Int'l Union of Operating Engineers, explaining why he as an <a href="African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> judge with a history of active involvement in the civil rights struggle was not obligated to recuse himself from presiding over litigation concerning claims of racial discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> He held, in an opinion that was followed by later judges, including a series of black judges who faced recusal requests, that a judge should not be forced to recuse solely because of their membership in a minority group.<a href="#cite_note-tabletmag.com-33">[33]</a> Jewish federal Judge <a href="Paul_Borman" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Borman">Paul Borman</a> relied on the Higginbotham opinion in part in his 2014 decision not to recuse himself from the trial of Palestinian-American <a href="Rasmea_Odeh" title="Rasmea Odeh">Rasmea Odeh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tabletmag.com-33">[33]</a> Similarly, in 1994, Jewish then-federal-Judge <a href="Michael_Mukasey" title="Michael Mukasey">Michael Mukasey</a> refused to recuse himself in a case concerning the <a href="1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">1993 World Trade Center bombing</a>, warning that his recusal would "disqualify not only an obscure district judge such as the author of this opinion, but also Justices <a href="Justice_Brandeis" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice Brandeis">Brandeis</a> and <a href="Justice_Frankfurter" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice Frankfurter">Frankfurter</a> ... each having been both a Jew and a Zionist".<a href="#cite_note-tabletmag.com-33">[33]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_reforms">Proposed reforms</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disclosure_requirements">Disclosure requirements</h4></div>

Disclosure requirements make it easier and more cost-efficient for parties to determine whether their judge may have a financial conflict of interest.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peremptory_challenge">Peremptory challenge</h4></div>

<a href="Peremptory_challenge" title="Peremptory challenge">Peremptory challenges</a> of judges, which is in use in 17 states where each party gets the chance to pass on the judge selected and can still challenge the next judge for cause.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Independent_adjudication">Independent adjudication</h4></div>

Have an independent decision-maker other than the justice being accused of impartiality make the recusal decision. This also can help to prevent the awkward situation of a judge holding a grudge against the party insisting that bias exists.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Streamlined_process">Streamlined process</h4></div>

This would allow for recusals to occur without adding undue costs on the litigants. For example, automatic recusal could be required for cases where a party has made campaign contributions to a judge above a specific amount.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Written_opinions">Written opinions</h4></div>

Requiring opinions for the denial or approval of recusals would help to establish a track record of evidence that would make it easier for appeals courts to review.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Substitution">Substitution</h4></div>

In Supreme Court cases, for example, when recusal could swing the outcome of a case, justices could be allowed to have substitute judges without conflicts of interest take their place in order to prevent gamesmanship of the system.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_agency_and_other_matters">Administrative agency and other matters</h3></div>

Outside the judicial system, the concept of recusal is also applied in <a href="Administrative_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative agencies">administrative agencies</a>. When a member of a multi-member administrative body is recused, the remaining members typically determine the outcome. When the sole occupant of an official position is recused, the matter may be delegated to the official's deputy or to a temporarily designated official; for example, when the <a href="Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">Solicitor General of the United States</a> is recused from a case, the Deputy Solicitor General will handle the matter in his or her place. For example, in 1990, U.S. Attorney General <a href="Dick_Thornburgh" title="Dick Thornburgh">Richard Thornburgh</a> recused himself from an investigation due to his connection with a subject involved in the case.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> On March 2, 2017, <a href="Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Jeff Sessions</a>, <a href="United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General of the U.S.</a>, recused himself while the department investigated <a href="Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">Russian interference in the 2016 election</a> due to concerns over his impartiality as a member of the <a href="Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a> campaign team.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In Rhode Island, best practices suggest that an official should leave the room during discussions of the matter they are recused from, especially in executive sessions where the presence of the recused individual could be inappropriate.<a href="#cite_note-:102-36">[36]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Best_practices">Best practices</h2></div>

Documenting recusal decisions in writing is sometimes recommended to clarify the scope and ensure transparency.<a href="#cite_note-:112-37">[37]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applicable_to_most_countries">Applicable to most countries</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="R_v_Sussex_Justices%2C_ex_parte_McCarthy" title="R v Sussex Justices, ex parte McCarthy">R v Sussex Justices, ex parte McCarthy</a> and <a href="R_v_Bow_Street_Metropolitan_Stipendiary_Magistrate%2C_ex_parte_Pinochet" title="R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet">R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet</a></div>

Laws or court rules provide the recusal of judges. Although the details vary, the following are nearly universal grounds for recusal.

<ul><li>The judge is related to a party, attorney, or spouse of either party (usually) within three <a href="Degrees_of_kinship" class="mw-redirect" title="Degrees of kinship">degrees of kinship</a>.</li>

<li>The judge is a <a href="Litigant" class="mw-redirect" title="Litigant">party</a>.</li>

<li>The judge is a material <a href="Witness" title="Witness">witness</a> unless pleading purporting to make the Judge a party is false (determined by presiding judge, but see <a href="Substitution_(law)" title="Substitution (law)">substitution</a>).</li>

<li>The judge has previously acted in the case in question as an attorney for a party, or participated in some other capacity.</li>

<li>The judge prepared any legal instrument (such as a <a href="Contract" title="Contract">contract</a> or <a href="Will_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">will</a>) whose validity or construction is at issue.</li>

<li><a href="Appeal" title="Appeal">Appellate</a> judge previously handled case as a <a href="Trial_court" title="Trial court">trial judge</a> or at a lower appellate level.</li>

<li>The judge has personal or financial interest in the outcome. This particular ground varies by jurisdiction. Some require recusal if there is any interest at all in the outcome, while others only require recusal if there is interest beyond a certain value.</li>

<li>The judge determines he or she cannot act impartially.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responsibility_and_consequences">Responsibility and consequences</h2></div>

A judge who has grounds to recuse themself is expected to do so. If a judge does not know that grounds exist to recuse themselves the error is <a href="Harmless_error" title="Harmless error">harmless</a>. If a judge does not recuse themselves when they should have known to do so, they may be subject to sanctions, which vary by jurisdiction. Depending on the jurisdiction, if an appellate court finds a judgment to have been made when the judge in question should have been recused, it may set aside the judgment and return the case for retrial.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Waiver_and_substitution">Waiver and substitution</h2></div>

The recusal rule may be avoided or ignored if all parties and the judge agree, although in practice this rarely occurs. If recusal is avoided in this manner, a full and complete record of the facts that qualify as grounds, above, must be made for the appellate court.

If a judge fails to recuse themselves <a href="Sua_sponte" title="Sua sponte">sua sponte</a> and a party believes the judge has a bias the party may motion for <a href="Substitution_(law)" title="Substitution (law)">substitution</a>. In some jurisdictions <a href="Litigants" class="mw-redirect" title="Litigants">litigants</a> may have the right to substitute a judge, even if no bias is demonstrated.

<ul><li><a href="Nemo_iudex_in_causa_sua" title="Nemo iudex in causa sua">Nemo iudex in causa sua</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

<li>State v. Asfoor, 75 Wis.2d 411, 436 (1977).</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSmith2020" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Craig Alan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.oregonstate.education/open-judicial-politicsOE/chapter/the-appearance-of-justice-a-historic-case-study-evaluating-one-supreme-court-justices-recusal-decisions/">"1.7 The Appearance of Justice: A Historical Case Study Evaluating One Supreme Court Justice's Recusal Decisions"</a>. Open Judicial Politics. <a href="Oregon_State_University" title="Oregon State University">Oregon State University</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leagle.com/decision/1974543388FSupp155_1516.xml/COMMONWEALTH+OF+PA.+v.+LOCAL+U.+542,+INT.+U.+OF+OP.+ENG.">"COMMONWEALTH OF PA. v. LOCAL U. 542, INT. U. OF OP. ENG. – 388 F.Supp. 155 (1974) – Leagle.com"</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-tabletmag.com-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tabletmag.com_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabletmag.com_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabletmag.com_33-2">c</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/186718/jewish-judges-recusal">"Should Jewish Judges Recuse Themselves From Cases Involving Palestinian Terrorism?"</a>. <a href="Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a>. November 5, 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/recusal">"recusal"</a>. LII / Legal Information Institute. December 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFShearSavage2017" class="citation news cs1">Shear, Eric Lichtblau, Michael D.; Savage, Charlie (March 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/02/us/politics/jeff-sessions-russia-trump-investigation-democrats.html">"Jeff Sessions Recuses Himself From Russia Inquiry"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite news}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:102-36"><a href="#cite_ref-:102_36-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethics.ri.gov/ethics-education/guide-recusal-and-conflicts-interest">"Guide to Recusal and Conflicts of Interest"</a>. <a href="State_of_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Rhode Island">State of Rhode Island</a>: Ethics Commission. Retrieved June 16, 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:112-37"><a href="#cite_ref-:112_37-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doi.gov/ethics/recusal-best-practices-for-doi-employees">"Recusal Best Practices for DOI Employees"</a>. <a href="U.S._Department_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of the Interior">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>. Retrieved June 16, 2024.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAbramson1993" class="citation journal cs1">Abramson, Leslie W. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.valpo.edu/vulr/vol28/iss2/3">"Specifying Grounds for Judicial Disqualification in Federal Courts"</a>. Nebraska Law Review. 72 (1046).</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAbramson1994" class="citation journal cs1">Abramson, Leslie W. (1994). "Deciding Recusal Motions: Who Judges the Judges?". Valparaiso University Law Review. 28 (543): 543–61. <a href="SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=999427">999427</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBassett2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bassett, Debra Lyn (May 2002). "Judicial Disqualification in the Federal Appellate Courts". Iowa Law Review. 87 (4): 1213–56. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-0552">0021-0552</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBassett2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bassett, Debra Lyn (2005). "Recusal and the Supreme Court". Hastings Law Journal. 56: 657. <a href="SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=594870">594870</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFlamm2015" class="citation book cs1">Flamm, Richard E. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL3005349W/Judicial_disqualification?edition=key%3A/books/OL39201918M">Judicial disqualification: Recusal and disqualification of judges</a>. Berkeley: Banks & Jordan Law. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-890080-04-4</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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</style><div id="Conflict_of_interest373" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_wall" title="Chinese wall">Chinese wall</a></li>

<li><a href="Conflict_of_interest_in_the_healthcare_industry" title="Conflict of interest in the healthcare industry">Conflict of interest in the healthcare industry</a></li>

<li><a href="Conflict-of-interest_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia">Conflicts of interest on Wikipedia</a></li>

<li><a href="Dual_loyalty" title="Dual loyalty">Dual loyalty</a></li>

<li><a href="Funding_bias" title="Funding bias">Funding bias</a></li>

<li><a href="Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li>

<li><a href="Judicial_disqualification" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial disqualification">Judicial disqualification</a></li>

<li><a href="Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel">Pork barrel</a></li>

<li><a href="Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">Regulatory capture</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-dealing" title="Self-dealing">Self-dealing</a></li>

<li><a href="Industry_self-regulation" title="Industry self-regulation">Self-regulation</a></li>

<li><a href="State_capture" title="State capture">State capture</a></li>

<li><a href="Shill" title="Shill">Shill</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AllTrials" title="AllTrials">AllTrials</a></li>

<li><a href="Arm's_length_principle" title="Arm's length principle">Arm's length principle</a></li>

<li><a href="Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Cochrane_(organisation)" title="Cochrane (organisation)">Cochrane</a></li>

<li><a href="Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li>

<li><a href="Follow_the_money" title="Follow the money">Follow the money</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_ethics" title="Legal ethics">Legal ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Lobbying" title="Lobbying">Lobbying</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lobbying_in_Canada" title="Lobbying in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Lobbying_in_Germany" title="Lobbying in Germany">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Lobbying in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Lobbying_in_the_United_States" title="Lobbying in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">Medical ethics</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_medical_ethics_cases" title="List of medical ethics cases">cases</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Medical_ghostwriter" title="Medical ghostwriter">Medical ghostwriter</a></li>

<li><a href="Moral_hazard" title="Moral hazard">Moral hazard</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharmaceutical_marketing" title="Pharmaceutical marketing">Pharmaceutical marketing</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharmaceutical_sales_representative" title="Pharmaceutical sales representative">Pharmaceutical sales representative</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political bias</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolving_door_(politics)" title="Revolving door (politics)">Revolving door</a></li>

<li><a href="Continuing_medical_education#sponsorship" title="Continuing medical education">Sponsorship of continuing medical education</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nemo_iudex_in_causa_sua" title="Nemo iudex in causa sua">Nemo iudex in causa sua</a></li>

<li><a href="R_v_Bow_Street_Metropolitan_Stipendiary_Magistrate%2C_ex_parte_Pinochet" title="R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet">R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet (No 2)</a></li>

<li><a href="R_v_Sussex_Justices%2C_ex_parte_McCarthy" title="R v Sussex Justices, ex parte McCarthy">R v Sussex Justices, ex parte McCarthy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bad_Pharma" title="Bad Pharma">Bad Pharma</a></li>

<li><a href="Big_Pharma_(book)" title="Big Pharma (book)">Big Pharma</a></li>

<li><a href="Inside_Job_(2010_film)" title="Inside Job (2010 film)">Inside Job</a></li>

<li><a href="Side_Effects_(Bass_book)" title="Side Effects (Bass book)">Side Effects</a></li>

<li><a href="Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="Who Killed the Electric Car?">Who Killed the Electric Car?</a></li>

<li><a href="Taken_for_a_Ride" title="Taken for a Ride">Taken for a Ride</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Conflict of interest (category)</li>

<li> Conflicts of interest on Wikipedia (category)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-21" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Recusal&oldid=1301706302">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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